Figure 4. A snapshot, in time, of two complex numbers whose exponents, and thus their phase angles, change with time. The notion of negative frequency is often troubling to engineers who've spent so ...

Sigma-delta converters are in wide use among applications that demand high precision and accuracy. A variant of the sigma-delta architecture, called the continuous-time sigma delta (CT-S?), has found ...

Analog circuit design is increasingly encountering mixed-signal circuits, and analog engineers need some understanding of discrete-time sampling circuits, whether they are sample-and-hold circuits or ...