At the center of this achievement is the Photoelectric Feedback Discharge model, a complex simulation tool created to describe how lightning arises from the frenzied interaction of fields and ...

But if cosmic-ray immersion is sufficient—and common—then the conditions that helped shape Earth may arise around a large fraction of sun-like stars. Of course, our work does not claim that supernova ...

At times, the sun ejects energetic material into space, which can have consequences for space-based and even ground-based ...

Cosmic rays, high‐energy particles from extraterrestrial sources, continuously bombard the Earth, providing a natural probe of astrophysical processes. When these particles interact with the ...

Cosmic rays, predominantly high-energy particles originating from outside the Solar System, interact with Earth’s atmosphere to produce a complex radiation environment. This continuous bombardment ...

"You know we haven't done enough research into the effects of cosmic rays!" Ben may have been right way back when Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created him and the rest of the Fantastic Four 64 years ago, ...

Mars, Europa and Enceladus are the three most promising locations in the solar system to search for life living off cosmic rays. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate ...

An illustration of a young solar system immersed in high-energy cosmic rays from a nearby supernova. Unlike considering only direct injection of supernova ejecta, this process naturally explains key ...