More launches of risky funds and greater volatility in recent years underlie a trend toward higher risk ratings. But whatever direction risk ratings are trending, financial advisors’ assessment of ...

Social Security uses your top 35 income years, adjusted for inflation, to calculate benefits. Claiming benefits before full retirement age leads to permanently reduced monthly payments. Delaying ...

$$ Y_j = \frac {1} {loops} \sum_{i = 1}^{loops} {X_{i, j}} \quad (j = 1, 2, ..., repeat) $$ $$ \begin{aligned} VAR(Y) &= VAR(\frac {1} {loops} \sum_{i = 1}^{loops} {X ...

Steven Nickolas is a writer and has 10+ years of experience working as a consultant to retail and institutional investors. Portfolio variance is a measure of the dispersion of returns of a portfolio.

The satellite record on sea ice dates back to late October 1978. The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) tracks and reports sea ice extent—area of ocean with at least 15 percent sea ice ...

In nuclear beta decay an up quark ‘u’ in a proton converts into an up down quark ‘d,’ turning the proton into a neutron and emitting a positron and a neutrino. This work affects interpretation of beta ...

In this guide to understanding the Ulcer Index, we’ll show you what this chart looks like, teach you how to interpret it, and discuss some examples. Standard deviation is the financial industry’s ...

A SIMPLE graphical method of calculating standard deviations has been described by Dr. B. Woolf 1. It is sometimes useful, as a means of estimating short-term variations in a process or product, as ...

Abstract: In a standardized approach to measuring the sound absorption coefficient of a test material in a reverberation room, the reverberation time (RT) is calculated both in the empty room and when ...

But for investors and financial analysts, the raw standard deviation number isn’t always the most helpful. This is where the concept of annualizing standard deviation comes into play. It allows for a ...

Standard normal distribution, bell curve, with percentages Standard normal distribution, with the percentages for three standard deviations of the mean. Sometimes informally called bell curve. Used in ...

Are you wondering how to calculate z-score in Excel? If so, you’ve landed on the right page. In statistics, a z-score tells us how far a data point is from the mean. While Excel still doesn’t have an ...